عن أَبِي موسى رضي اللّه عنه، عن النبيِّ صَلّى اللّهُ عَلَيْهِ وسَلَّم قال: «عَلَى كُلِّ مُسْلِمٍ صدقةٌ» قال: أَرَأَيْتَ إِنْ لَمْ يَجدْ؟ قالَ: «يعْمَل بِيَدَيْهِ فَينْفَعُ نَفْسَه وَيَتَصدَّقُ»: قَال: أَرَأَيْتَ إِنْ لَمْ يسْتطِعْ؟ قال: يُعِينُ ذَا الْحَاجَةِ الْملْهوفَ» قال: أَرأَيْت إِنْ لَمْ يسْتَطِعْ قالَ: «يَأْمُرُ بِالمَعْرُوفِ أَوِ الْخَيْرِ» قال: أَرأَيْتَ إِنْ لَمْ يفْعلْ؟ قال: «يُمْسِكُ عَنِ الشَّرِّ فَإِنَّهَا صدَقةٌ» متفقٌ عليه.
Abu Musa (may Allah be pleased with him) reported that the Prophet (peace be upon him) said: "Every Muslim is required to give charity." He was asked: "What if he cannot find the means?" He said: "Let him work with his hands to benefit himself and give charity." He was asked: "What if he is unable to do that?" He said: "Let him help the one who is in desperate need." He was asked: "What if he cannot do that?" He said: "Let him enjoin good — or virtue." He was asked: "What if he does not even do that?" He said: "Let him refrain from evil, for that is a charity for him." Agreed upon (narrated by al-Bukhari and Muslim).
الشرح · explanation
يعمل بيَدَيه: أي ما يأخذ عليه أجرًا ويُحصّل منه ثمرةً. الملهوف: المستغيث والمضطر. يُمسك: يمتنع ويحبس نفسه.
"Work with his hands" means to do work for which he earns wages and reaps benefit. "The one in desperate need" (al-malhuf) refers to one who is calling for help and is in distress. "Refrain" (yumsik) means to hold himself back and restrain his soul.
الدروس · lessons
الحثّ على العمل ليَتَكَسَّب المسلم ويسدّ حاجته من كَسبِه ويتصدَّق، فيصون وجهه عن السؤال، وينفع غيره بثمرة عمله وصدقته. أنّ أعمال الخير تنزل منزلة الصدقات في الأجر ولاسيما في حقّ من لا يقدر عليها. شمول معنى الصدقة أنواعًا عديدةً من البرِّ وعمل الخير حتى الامتناع عن الشرِّ يُعتبر من الصدقة.
Encouragement to work so that the Muslim earns his livelihood, provides for his own needs through his earnings, and gives charity — thereby preserving his dignity from begging and benefiting others through his work and charity. Deeds of goodness take the place of charity in reward, especially for one who is unable to give monetary charity. The meaning of charity encompasses numerous types of righteousness and good deeds — even refraining from evil is considered a form of charity.