عن أبي مَعْبدٍ المقْدَادِ بنِ الأَسْوَدِ، رضي الله عنه، قال: قلتُ لرِسُولِ اللهِ صَلّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وسَلَّم: أَرَأَيْتَ إِنْ لَقِيتُ رَجُلًا مِنَ الكُفَّارِ فَاقْتَتَلْنَا، فَضَرَبَ إِحْدَى يَدَيَّ بِالسَّيْفِ، فَقَطَعهَا، ثُمَّ لاذَ مِنِّي بِشَجَرَةٍ، فقال: أَسْلَمْتُ للهِ، أَأَقْتُلُهُ يا رسولَ اللهِ بَعْدَ أَنْ قَالَها؟ فَقَالَ: «لا تَقْتُلْهُ»، فَقُلْتُ يا رسُولَ اللهِ قَطَعَ إِحدَى يَدَيَّ، ثُمَّ قال ذلكَ بَعْدَما قَطعَها! فقال: «لا تَقْتُلْهُ، فِإِنْ قَتَلْتَهُ، فَإِنَّهُ بِمنَزِلَتِكَ قَبْلَ أنْ تَقْتُلَهُ، وَإِنَّكَ بِمَنْزِلَتِهِ قَبْلَ أَنْ يَقُولَ كَلِمَتَهُ الَّتي قال» متفقٌ عليه.
Abu Ma'bad al-Miqdad ibn al-Aswad (may Allah be pleased with him) reported: I said to the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him): "Tell me, if I were to meet a man from among the disbelievers and we fought, and he struck one of my hands with the sword and cut it off, then he took refuge from me behind a tree and said, 'I submit to Allah,' should I kill him, O Messenger of Allah, after he has said it?" He said: "Do not kill him." I said: "O Messenger of Allah, he cut off one of my hands, and only said that after he had cut it off!" He said: "Do not kill him, for if you kill him, he is in your position before you killed him, and you are in his position before he spoke the words he spoke." Agreed upon.
الشرح · explanation
أرأيت: أي أخبرني. لاذ مني: احتمى مني واستتر بها. إِنَّهُ بِمَنْزِلَتِك: أَيْ مَعْصُومُ الدَّمِ مَحْكُومٌ بِإِسْلامِهِ. إنَّكَ بِمَنْزِلَته: أَيْ مُبَاحُ الدَّمِ بِالْقصَاص لِوَرَثَتِهِ، لا أَنَّهُ بِمَنْزِلَتِهِ في الْكُفْرِ.
"Tell me": that is, inform me. "Took refuge from me": sought protection from me and concealed himself behind it. "He is in your position": that is, his blood is inviolable and he is judged to be a Muslim. "You are in his position": that is, your blood is liable to retaliation (qisas) for his heirs, not that you are in his position regarding disbelief.
الدروس · lessons
أنّ من صدر عنه ما يدل على دخوله في دِين الإسلام من قول أو فعل حَرُم قتله. الوازع الدّيني يحمل صاحبه على التوقف عند حدود الله والسؤال عمّا أشكل عليه. تقديم الخضوع لحكم الله وحكم رسوله صلّى الله عليه وسلّم على الرغبة في الانتقام. من أفضل الأساليب في التعليم؛ بيان سبب النهي عن فعل الشيء ليكون أدعى لتركه. من قتل أحدًا عالمًا بحرمة القتل لزمه القصاص، ومن كان جاهلًا أو متأوِّلًا وجبَت عليه الدية.
Whoever displays what indicates his entry into the religion of Islam, whether by word or deed, it becomes forbidden to kill him. Religious restraint leads its possessor to stop at the limits of Allah and to ask about what is unclear to him. Giving precedence to submission to the ruling of Allah and the ruling of His Messenger (peace and blessings be upon him) over the desire for revenge. Among the best methods of teaching is explaining the reason for prohibiting something, so that it is more compelling to abandon it. Whoever kills someone knowing the prohibition of killing is liable for retaliation (qisas); whoever was ignorant or acting upon an interpretation owes the blood-money (diyah).