عنِ ابنِ عُمَرَ رَضِيَ اللّهُ عَنْهُما قالَ: قالَ رسولُ اللّهِ صَلّى اللّهُ عَلَيْهِ وسَلَّمَ: «أُمِرْتُ أَنْ أُقاتِلَ النَّاسَ حتَّى يَشْهَدُوا أَنْ لا إِلٰهَ إِلّا اللّهُ وَأَنَّ مُحَمَّدًا رَسُولُ اللّهِ، وَيُقِيمُوا الصَّلاَةَ، ويُؤْتُوا الزَّكاةَ، فَإِذا فَعَلُوا ذَلِكَ عَصَمُوا مِنِّي دِمَاءَهُمْ وَأَمْوَالَهُمْ إِلّا بِحَقِّ الإِسْلامِ، وَحِسَابُهُمْ عَلَى اللّهِ» مُتَّفَقٌ عَلَيْهِ.
Ibn Umar (may Allah be pleased with them both) reported: The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "I have been commanded to fight the people until they testify that there is no god but Allah and that Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah, and they establish prayer and give zakat. If they do that, they have protected from me their blood and their wealth, except by the right of Islam, and their reckoning is with Allah." Agreed upon (al-Bukhari and Muslim).
الشرح · explanation
الناس: أي من لم يكن داخلًا في الإسلام من الوثنيين وأهل الكتاب ومن ترك شعائر الإسلام الظاهرة، والأمر بالمقاتلة مخاطب به إمام المسلمين وليس أفرادهم. حتى يشهدوا ألّا إلٰه إلّا اللّه: أي حتى يدخلوا في الإسلام بكل شرائعه وليس المراد اقتصارهم على مجرد قول الشهادة دون دخول في أحكام الإسلام. إلّا بحق الإسلام: أي ما ورد فيه دليل خاص كوجوب القصاص وإقامة الحدود إن فعلوا ما يستوجب شيئًا من ذلك. وحسابهم على الله: أي حساب بواطنهم متروك للّه تعالى.
"The people": that is, those who have not entered Islam—the idolaters, the People of the Book, and those who abandon the visible rites of Islam. The command to fight is addressed to the leader (imam) of the Muslims, not to their individual members. "Until they testify that there is no god but Allah": that is, until they enter Islam with all its ordinances; it does not mean their merely uttering the testimony without submitting to the rulings of Islam. "Except by the right of Islam": that is, whatever there is specific evidence for, such as the obligation of retaliation (qisas) and carrying out the prescribed punishments (hudud), if they do something that warrants any of that. "And their reckoning is with Allah": that is, the reckoning of their inner states is left to Allah, the Exalted.
الدروس · lessons
أنّ الدماء والأموال تصان بإقامة أركان الإسلام الظاهرة، وأما حساب الناس على حقيقة ما في قلوبهم من إيمان أو نفاق فهو عند اللّه تعالى. من فعل ما يوجب إقامة الحد أو القصاص فإنّه يُقام عليه، ولا يمنع من ذلك كونه معصوم الدم بالإسلام. أنّ ما في قلوب الناس لا يعلمه إلّا اللّه سبحانه وتعالى وهو الذي عليه الجزاء الأخروي.
Blood and wealth are safeguarded by upholding the visible pillars of Islam; as for reckoning people according to the reality of the faith or hypocrisy in their hearts, that belongs to Allah, the Exalted. Whoever does something that necessitates a prescribed punishment or retaliation has it carried out upon him, and his blood being protected by Islam does not prevent that. What is in people's hearts is known only to Allah, Glorified and Exalted is He, and it is upon this that the recompense of the Hereafter rests.