عن أبي بِشْرٍ قَبِيصَةَ بن المُخَارِقِ رضي الله عنه قال: «تَحمَّلْتُ حمَالَةً، فَأَتَيْتُ رَسُولَ الله صَلّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وسَلَّم أَسْأَلُهُ فيها، فقال: «أَقِمْ حَتَّى تَأْتِيَنَا الصَّدَقَةُ فَنأْمُرَ لكَ بِها» ثُمَّ قال: «ياَ قَبِيصَةُ، إِنَّ المَسأَلَةَ لا تَحِلُّ إِلّا لأَحَدِ ثَلاثَةٍ: رَجُلٌ تَحَمَّلَ حمالَةً، فَحَلَّتْ لَهُ المَسْأَلَةُ حَتَّى يُصِيبَها ثُمَّ يُمْسِكُ، ورجُلٌ أَصابَتْهُ جائِحَةٌ اجْتَاحَتْ مالَهُ، فَحَلَّتْ لهُ المَسأَلَةُ حَتَّى يُصِيبَ قِوَامًا مِنْ عيْشٍ -أَوْ قال: سِداداً مِنْ عَيْشٍ- ورَجُلٌ أَصابَتْهُ فاقَةٌ، حَتى يقُولَ ثلاثَةٌ مِنْ ذَوي الحِجَى مِنْ قَوْمِهِ: لَقَدْ أَصَابَتْ فُلانًا فَاقَةٌ، فحلَّتْ لَهُ المسْأَلَةُ حتَّى يُصِيبَ قِوامًا مِنْ عَيْشٍ -أَوْ قالَ: سِدادًا مِنْ عَيْشٍ- فَمَا سِواهُنَّ مِنَ المَسأَلَةِ يا قَبِيصَةُ سُحْتٌ، يأَكُلُها صاحِبُها سُحْتًا» رواهُ مسلم.
Abu Bishr Qabisah ibn al-Mukhariq (may Allah be pleased with him) said: "I took on a financial obligation, so I came to the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) to ask him for help with it. He said: "Stay until the charity (sadaqah) reaches us, and we will order that it be given to you." Then he said: "O Qabisah, begging is not lawful except for one of three: a man who has taken on a financial obligation, for whom begging is lawful until he obtains it, after which he must stop; a man whom a calamity has struck that has destroyed his wealth, for whom begging is lawful until he obtains what supports his livelihood — or he said: what suffices for his livelihood; and a man whom poverty has struck, such that three men of sound judgment from his people say: So-and-so has indeed been struck by poverty — for him begging is lawful until he obtains what supports his livelihood — or he said: what suffices for his livelihood. Anything beyond these, O Qabisah, is ill-gotten gain that its taker consumes unlawfully." Narrated by Muslim.
الشرح · explanation
حمَالَة: أَنْ يَقَعَ قِتَالٌ وَنحوُهُ بَين فَرِيقَينِ، فَيُصلحُ إِنْسَانٌ بيْنهمْ عَلى مالٍ يَتَحَمَّلُهُ ويلْتَزِمُهُ عَلى نفسِه. يصيبها: يقضي دينه الذي تحمله لأجلها. جائِحَة: الآفَةُ تُصِيبُ مالَ الإِنْسان. اجتاحت: استأصلت. قوام: هوَ ما يقومُ بِهِ أَمْرُ الإِنْسانِ مِنْ مَالٍ ونحوِه. سِداد: مَا يَســُــدُّ حاجةَ المُعْوِزِ ويَكْفِيه. فَاقَة: فَقْر. الحِجَى: العقل. الصدقة: المراد بها هنا الزكاة، لأنه غارم فيعطى منها. سحت: مال حرام، وأصل السحت الإهلاك، فيذهب ببركة المال ويُعقِب عذابًا يوم القيامة.
Hamalah (financial obligation): that fighting or the like breaks out between two parties, and a person makes peace between them by taking on and committing himself to a sum of money. Obtains it: pays off the debt he undertook on its account. Ja'ihah (calamity): the affliction that strikes a person's wealth. Destroyed: wiped out entirely. Qiwam (support): that by which a person's affairs are sustained, of wealth and the like. Sidad (sufficiency): what meets the need of the destitute and suffices him. Faqah: poverty. Hija: sound judgment, intellect. The charity: what is meant here is the zakah, for he is a debtor (gharim) and so is given from it. Suht (ill-gotten gain): unlawful wealth; the root of suht is destruction, for it strips away the blessing of wealth and brings on punishment on the Day of Resurrection.
الدروس · lessons
جواز المسألة لمن وجدت فيه إحدى القرائن الثلاثة المذكورة في الحديث. جواز إعطاء من ألزم نفسه بتحمّل مالٍ يحصل به الصلح بين المتخاصميْن، من أصابت ماله جائحة، من أصابه فقر وحاجة شديدة، من مال الزكاة لأن الأول غارم والآخرين من الفقراء. من جازت له المسألة لا يسأل أكثر مما يسد حاجته، فلو وجد ما يكفيه في يومه من قوت وحاجة فإنّه لا يجلس ويستمر في المسألة. هذه الحالات حالات اضطرارية فلا ينبغي أن تكون هي حال المسلم الأساسية، بل لابد أن يسعى للعمل والتكسب. يشترط في الشاهد التيقُّظ، فلا تقبل الشهادة من مغفّل.
Begging is permissible for whoever meets one of the three conditions mentioned in the hadith. It is permissible to give to one who has obligated himself to bear a sum of money to bring about reconciliation between two disputing parties, to one whose wealth has been struck by calamity, and to one struck by poverty and severe need — from the zakah funds, because the first is a debtor and the others are among the poor. Whoever is permitted to beg may not ask for more than what meets his need; if he finds what suffices him for his day in food and necessity, he should not sit and continue begging. These are emergency situations, so they should not be the Muslim's basic state; rather he must strive to work and earn. It is a condition of the witness that he be alert and discerning, so testimony is not accepted from the heedless.