عَن النُّعمانِ بنِ بَشيرٍ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُمَا قال: سمِعْتُ رسُولَ اللهِ صَلّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وسَلَّم يَقُولُ: «إِنَّ الحَلاَلَ بَيِّنٌ، وإِنَّ الحَرامَ بَيِّنٌ، وَبَيْنَهما مُشْتَبِهاتٌ لا يَعْلَمُهُنَّ كَثِيرٌ مِنَ النَّاسِ، فَمَن اتَّقى الشُّبُهاتِ، اسْتَبْرَأَ لِدِينِهِ وعِرْضِهِ، وَمَنْ وَقَعَ في الشبُهاتِ وقَعَ في الحَرامِ، كالرَّاعي يرْعى حَوْلَ الحِمى يُوشِكُ أَنْ يَرْتَعَ فِيهِ، أَلَا وإِنَّ لِكُلِّ مَلِكٍ حِمًى، أَلَا وَإِنَّ حِمَى اللهِ مَحَارِمُهُ، أَلَا وإِنَّ في الجسَدِ مُضغَةً، إذا صلَحَتْ صَلَحَ الجسَدُ كُلُّهُ، وَإِذا فَسَدَتْ فَسدَ الجَسَدُ كُلُّهُ: أَلَا وَهِيَ القَلْبُ» مُتَّفَقٌ عَلَيْهِ.
Al-Nu'man ibn Bashir (may Allah be pleased with both of them) reported: I heard the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) say: "What is lawful is clear, and what is unlawful is clear, and between the two are doubtful matters which many people do not know. So whoever guards against doubtful matters keeps his religion and his honor sound, but whoever falls into doubtful matters falls into the unlawful—like a shepherd who grazes his flock around a sanctuary, on the verge of grazing within it. Indeed, every king has a sanctuary, and indeed the sanctuary of Allah is His prohibitions. Indeed, within the body there is a morsel of flesh: if it is sound, the whole body is sound, and if it is corrupt, the whole body is corrupt. Indeed, it is the heart." Agreed upon.
الشرح · explanation
بيِّن: ظاهر حكمه لمن عنده معرفة عامة بالشريعة. مشتبهات: متماثلات، يشتبه على الناس حكمها، لما فيها من مشابهة للحلال في بعض الجوانب ومشابهة للحرام في جوانب أخرى. لا يعلمها: لا يعلم حكمها. فمن اتقى الشبهات: أي ابتعد عن هذه المشتبهات واحترز عنها. استبرأ لدينه: حقق البراءة لدينه بالبعد عما قد يكون حرامًا أو يقود إلى الحرام بالتدريج. وعرضه: العِرض: هو حال الإنسان الذي يُمدح به أو يذم، والغالب استعماله في جوانب الأخلاق والشرف. وقع في الشبهات: تساهل في الأمر وفعل بعض ما فيه شُبهة. الحمى: هو ما يحدده الحاكم من الأراضي وغيرها بحيث لا يُسمح لعموم الناس بالاقتراب منه، وأصله في كل شيء خاص يمنع الإنسان غيره من التصرف فيه. محارمه: حدود الله وشعائره وأحكامه التي شرعها أمرا أو نهيا. مضغة: قطعة من اللحم.
"Clear" (bayyin): its ruling is evident to anyone who has a general knowledge of the law. "Doubtful matters" (mushtabihat): ambiguous matters whose ruling is unclear to people, because they resemble the lawful in some respects and the unlawful in others. "Do not know": do not know their ruling. "Whoever guards against doubtful matters": that is, keeps away from these ambiguous matters and is cautious of them. "Keeps his religion sound": he secures clearance for his religion by keeping away from what may be unlawful or what may gradually lead to the unlawful. "And his honor" (al-'ird): a person's honor is the state by which he is praised or blamed; it is most often used in matters of character and dignity. "Falls into doubtful matters": he is lax in the matter and does some of what is doubtful. "The sanctuary" (al-hima): land or the like that a ruler designates so that the general public is not permitted to approach it; its basic meaning is anything private from which a person prevents others from making use. "His prohibitions" (maharimuhu): the limits of Allah, His rites, and His rulings which He has legislated, whether as a command or a prohibition. "A morsel of flesh" (mudghah): a piece of flesh.
الدروس · lessons
الحث على تعلُّم دين الله وشرعه وما فيه من حلال وحرام. الحث على أخذ الحلال والبعد عن الحرام. الأمور المشتبهة لا تشتبه على كل الناس، فالعلماء تقل عندهم جدًا. فضيلة التورع عن الشبهات، والورع الممدوح هو ما يمنع الإنسان عن مقدِّمات الحرام دون تشديد على النفس بما لا تطيق أو دخول في الوسوسة. الدعوة إلى إصلاح النفس من داخلها وهو القلب، فعبادات القلب أعظم العبادات ومعاصيه أعظم المعاصي. التساهل في الشبهات في الكسب والمعاش وغير ذلك يعرض صاحبه للوقوع في المحرمات بالتدريج أو اتهام الناس له. التأسيس لقاعدة سد الذرائع، بإغلاق الأبواب التي يمكن أن يتسبب التساهل فيها في الوقوع في الخطأ الصريح.
Encouragement to learn the religion of Allah and His law, and what it contains of the lawful and the unlawful. Encouragement to take what is lawful and keep away from what is unlawful. Doubtful matters are not doubtful to all people; for the scholars they are very few. The virtue of scrupulousness (wara') in avoiding doubtful matters. The praiseworthy scrupulousness is that which keeps a person from the preliminaries of the unlawful, without burdening the self with what it cannot bear or descending into obsessive misgivings. The call to reform the self from within—namely the heart—for the acts of worship of the heart are the greatest of acts of worship, and its sins are the greatest of sins. Laxity in doubtful matters in earnings, livelihood, and the like exposes a person to gradually falling into the unlawful, or to people accusing him. The establishment of the principle of blocking the means (sadd al-dhara'i'), by closing the doors in which laxity could cause one to fall into outright wrongdoing.