عَنْ أبي هُريْرةَ رضي اللّه عنْهُ قَال: قَال رسُولُ اللّهِ صَلّى اللّهُ عَلَيْهِ وسَلَّم: «ثَلاثَةٌ لا يُكَلِّمُهُمُ اللّه يَوْمَ الْقِيَامةِ وَلا ينْظُرُ إلَيْهِمْ وَلا يُزَكِّيهِمْ ولَهُمْ عذابٌ ألِيمٌ: رجُلٌ علَى فَضْلِ ماءٍ بِالْفَلاةِ يمْنَعُهُ مِن ابْنِ السَّبِيلِ، ورَجُلٌ بَايَع رجُلًا سِلْعَةً بعْد الْعَصرِ، فَحَلَفَ بِاللّهِ لأخَذَهَا بكَذَا وَكَذا، فَصَدَّقَهُ وَهُوَ عَلى غيْرِ ذَلِكَ، ورَجُلٌ بَايع إمَامًا لا يُبايِعُهُ إلّا لِدُنيَا، فَإنْ أعْطَاهُ مِنْهَا وفى، وإنْ لَم يُعْطِهِ مِنْهَا لَمْ يَفِ» متفقٌ عليه.
Abu Hurayrah (may Allah be pleased with him) reported that the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Three people to whom Allah will not speak on the Day of Resurrection, nor look at them, nor purify them, and for them is a painful punishment: a man who possesses surplus water in the desert yet withholds it from the wayfarer; a man who, after the afternoon prayer (Asr), sells goods to another and swears by Allah that he had bought them for such-and-such a price, so the buyer believes him, though it was otherwise; and a man who pledges allegiance to a leader only for worldly gain—if he is given from it he is loyal, and if he is not given from it he is not." Agreed upon (al-Bukhari and Muslim).
الشرح · explanation
لا يكلمهم اللّه: أي لا يكلمهم كلام برّ وإلطاف بل كلام سخط وغضب. لا ينظر إليهم: أي نظر رحمة بل يعرض عنهم. لا يزكيهم: لا يطهرهم من الذنوب. فضل ماء: أي زائد عن حاجته. بالفلاة: بالطريق القفر من الأرض. ابن السبيل: المسافر المحتاج للماء. بعد العصر: خص بالذكر لشرفه باجتماع ملائكة الليل والنهار فيه. بايع إمامًا: عاهده على النصرة والدخول في الطاعة.
"Allah will not speak to them": that is, not with words of kindness and gentleness, but with words of displeasure and wrath. "Nor look at them": that is, with a look of mercy; rather He turns away from them. "Nor purify them": He will not cleanse them of their sins. "Surplus water": that is, in excess of his need. "In the desert": on a desolate stretch of land. "The wayfarer": the traveler in need of water. "After Asr": singled out for mention because of its honor, since the angels of the night and of the day gather during it. "Pledges allegiance to a leader": he covenants with him to support him and to enter into obedience.
الدروس · lessons
حرمة هذه الأعمال وأنّها من الكبائر، لما فيها من التضييق على الناس والاستخفاف باسم اللّه وأكل المال الحرام والغش لإمام المسلمين. إنَّما ذَكرَ النَّبيُّ صلَّى اللّهُ عليه وسلَّم العصرَ؛ لأنَّ الغالبَ أنَّ مِثلَه كان يقعُ في آخِرِ النَّهارِ حيثُ يُريدونَ الفَراغَ عَن مُعاملتِهم. مبَايَعة الرجل للإمامِ ومعاهَدَته على الطَّاعةِ والسَّمعِ وكان ذلك ليسَ امتثالًا لِأمرِ اللّهِ ورسولِه؛ وإنَّما لِينالَ مِن عَطائِه ومتاعِ الدُّنيا، فإذا أُعطِيَ ما أرادَ رَضِيَ، وإنْ مُنِعَ سَخِطَ وغضِبَ فاستحق الوعيد. يدخل في الوعيد من لا يسقي عابر السبيل ما فضل معه من ماء، لشدة حاجة الناس للماء.
The prohibition of these deeds and that they are among the major sins, because of the hardship they impose on people, the disregard for the name of Allah, the consumption of unlawful wealth, and the deceit of the leader of the Muslims. The Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) mentioned Asr specifically because such transactions usually occurred at the end of the day, when people wished to conclude their dealings. A man's pledge of allegiance to the leader and his covenant of obedience and heeding, while this was not in compliance with the command of Allah and His Messenger but only to obtain from his gifts and the goods of this world—so when he is given what he wants he is content, and if he is denied he is displeased and angry—thus he deserves the threatened punishment. Included in this threat is one who does not give the passing wayfarer the water he has in excess, because of people's dire need for water.